Today Taiwanese law retains the closest affinity to the codifications from that period, because of the split between Chiang Kai-shek’s nationalists, who fled there, and Mao Zedong’s communists who won control of the mainland in 1949. The current legal infrastructure in the People’s Republic of China was heavily influenced by Soviet Socialist law, which essentially inflates administrative law at the expense of private law rights. Due to rapid industrialisation, today China is undergoing a process of reform, at least in terms of economic, if not social and political, rights. A new contract code in 1999 represented a move away from administrative domination.

• In India, the Hindu legal tradition, along with Islamic law, were both supplanted by common law when India became part of the British Empire.
• Another example is in the 19th-century English case of R v Dudley and Stephens, which tested a defence of “necessity”.
• For instance, the Quran

Examples include the President of Germany , the Queen of the United Kingdom , and the President of Austria . The other important model is the presidential system, found in the United States and in Brazil. In presidential systems, the executive acts as both head of state and head of government, and has power to appoint an unelected cabinet.

• Most countries have systems of appeal courts, with an apex court as the ultimate judicial authority.
• Socialist law is the legal systems in communist states such as the former Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of China.
• Human rights, civil rights and human rights law are important fields to guarantee everyone basic freedoms and entitlements.
• Obligations, like contracts and torts, are conceptualised as rights good between individuals.
• See original text in Perseus program Archived 8 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine.

It is the internal ecclesiastical law governing the Catholic Church …